Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, And Jean-Jacques Rousseau All

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all represent social contract theorists who were influenced by liberalism and the enlightenment respectively. They each offer varying takes and critiques of what exactly is the state of nature and from those discussions of the state of nature, they delve into what the state of government would be if it was born from that same state of nature. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau can each be compared and contrasted with one another based upon their own definition of the state of nature and how that state of nature leads to their own states of government. For Hobbes, his state of nature was a state of war. (Morgan, 619) Hobbes talks about the state of nature as being a time when, â€Å"†¦every man is†¦show more content†¦This government is created by a social contract which is between individuals. Rousseau saw the state of nature as a place where men are free and equal. (Morgan, 838) Rousseau saw that all current problems wrong with society are the mistakes of society and that none of the current problems were in the state of nature. (Morgan, 839) Men in the state of nature are good and pure while in civil society, competition forces men to be wicked and go against nature. Civil society was first founded by the person who convinced other people that his claim to property was the correct one. (Morgan, 851) For Rousseau, sovereignty and government was based on the interests of society. (Morgan, 891) The general will, for Rousseau, was what people should be following and the general will is always right and it leads to public utility. (Morgan, 892) As one can see from the above explanations of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau’s thinking, there are many similarities and differences between all three theorists. Locke and Rousseau’s definitions of the state of nature contrast with that of Hobbes. Locke and Rousseau both viewed the state of nature as place where men were free and not be bound by society because there was no society to speak of in this state of nature. Hobbes’ definition of the state of nature is a state of war where individuals do not have time or the energy to invest themselves in the collection ofShow MoreRelatedModern Liberalism and Political Policies1337 Words   |  6 PagesModern Liberalism Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s political philosophies and theories each differ from one another’s, but these three philosophers have all staked their claims as to what man would be like, prior to the formation of the state. This is the State of Nature. Their notions on the social contract reflect their position on the political spectrum. These three philosophers also examine the purpose and function of the government to individuals of the state. Modern liberalismRead MoreViews of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau815 Words   |  4 PagesArden Bentley AP Euro 3/9/13 Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Racques Rosseau were philosophers who stated their belief of human nature and how we should govern mankind. Although Rousseau was born a different time than Hobbes and Locke, they all had a very strong influence on the way governments should function. They created a revolutionary idea of the state of nature, the way men were before a government came into play. Each philosopher developed guidelines and responsibilities that the governmentRead MoreEssay on The Natural Ways of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau1207 Words   |  5 Pagesstructure is reformed; it is during this rise in the early seventeenth and eighteenth century, that John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau introduce their varying opinions surrounding man in nature. The western philosophers mainly concern themselves with the concept of the social contract. Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke begin with the conception of the individual, because in the natural state, they all believe that man is an independent character. Each of the philosophers used their revolutionaryRead MoreJohn Lockes Views On The State Of Nature1272 Words   |  6 Pagesmost well-known book Leviathan, philosopher Thomas Hobbes claimed that, â€Å"During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war; and such a war as is of every man against every man† (Hobbes and Gaskin, 1998: p.77). In simpler terms, Hobbes is claiming that he believes mankind’s State of Nature is a constant State of War. Over time, philosophers and political theorists have come to disprove Hobbes’ theory, demonstrating that the State ofRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words   |  7 Pagestheories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The basic concept of a social contract is for members of society to enter into aRead MoreThe Function of a Social Contract1676 Words   |  7 Pagestheories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The basic concept of a social contract is for members of society to enter into a voluntaryRead MoreThe State Of Nature : Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, And Jean Jacques Rousseau902 Words   |  4 Pagesstate of nature. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau. Each theorist had some similar and different views Thomas Hobbes was not a positive person. He believed it was a dog eat dog world, and every man for themselves. Hobbes was no supporter of democratic government. He did not agree with the laws, and believed they shouldn t be enforced. His solution to problems would be to form a monarch. One person is to control who has the given right, such as; a king or queen. Hobbes visualizes aRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The State Of Nature1727 Words   |  7 Pagescomposed these. However, many philosophers have different notions of the State of Nature. In this essay I am going to use the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacque Rousseau to explain how their notions of the State of Nature shape the way they envision political society. These philosophers have different notions of the State of Nature but they all agree that the State of Nature is the reason for why political societies come to be. They realize that the State of Nature does not workRead MoreConceptions of the Social Contra ct Theory924 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques Rousseau were political philosophers who formulated their own version of the social contract theory. The social contract theory is a treaty or an agreement that developed a set of laws, organized a functional society, and created the need to be governed. It was put into place when man realized that there was no law. Mankind eventually sought the desire for security and order. To receive security and order people shall voluntarily give up all their rightsRead MoreRousseau, Locke, and Hobbes Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesthe grounds of equality, justice, and freedom. Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were all members of The Enlightenment movement, and each had their own idea on how human society should be structured and run. Locke and Hobbes lived around the same time, and some of their political theories were the same, however, by the time Rousseau came along, much had changed. Born in Geneva to a middle class watch maker, Jean-Jacques Rousseau was to become one of the most influential thinkers

Bullying Essay - 631 Words

Diana Vanessa Alba Writing Level 5 Cause and Effect Essay BULLYING IS TAKING OUR CHILDREN LIVES Have you ever bullied or been bullied? Bullying behavior can occur for many reasons, some of which are TV violence, families in poverty, mis-teachings, lack of parent’s attention and also kids under bad influence. Teens often begin bullying because they want to control those who are weaker than they are. Bullying gives you people an identity, they become well known in school, they want to be popular no matter what is the reason for. Bullying makes them feel powerful. Gives attention to the young people who are mistreated at home. Parents aren’t given them the special attention to this important matter and their children are became†¦show more content†¦They become isolated, this social withdrawal results in depression. The impact on its victims can be severe, they feel an emotional rollercoaster and this probably has a permanent damage on their personalities as a collateral effect. Changing their lives forever with psychological consequences. Students lose self-esteem and start questioning their own personalities, thinking that maybe they deserve this bad treatment. They may start focusing only on the bully. Their outlook on life may become darker and darker as the bullying continues. If the bullying damages teens, they may do almost anything to get out of the situation. They may try to escape from their painful reality by engaging in dangerous activities. They might think about a plan of revenge. Probably they try to commit suicide. Bullying is very negative and creates major problems to our society. Now we are all aware of this impact over our children and also who witness it as well. When young people are victims of bullies, there is a strong chance that they will suffer many negative consequences, not only from the bullies themselves but also as they begin to separate from society. For so many years, bullying was considered a normal part of growing up, as in the saying â€Å"Boys will be Boys!† However, with the increase of teen anguish due to bullying and the million of dollars spent on long-term therapy, one has to wonder if bullying should be considered a â€Å"normal†Show MoreRelatedArgumentative Essay : Bullying And Bullying756 Words   |  4 PagesRita Bullock July 3, 2015 Essay on Bullying In 2-3 pages, according to the Dignity for All Act, what is the legal responsibility of the teacher and the school when a student claims that he or she is being harassed, intimidated, or discriminated by another student(s)? What happens to a student who bullies, and what happens to the victim? School bullying can occur during every stage of development from Kindergarten through High school. Students suffer harmful effects when they are emotionallyRead MoreEssay on Bullying In America989 Words   |  4 PagesBullying is an act that is an everyday occurrence in some people’s lives. Bullying can be direct or indirect. What this means, is that bullying can be in the form of violence such as hitting and kicking or in the form of verbal abuse such as name calling and teasing. Manipulation and exclusion are also forms of bullying. Bullying can be taken into consideration as a minor assault but any form should be taken seriously. Whether it is taken to an extreme, done over a long or short period of time, orRead MoreEssay Bullying1404 Words   |  6 PagesBullying What is bullying? We might have seen it every day, and we still do not know what it is. In the short story â€Å"Black Boy,† Richard Wright shows how he was bullied as a young African American boy. However, bullying is not limited to one type of person living in one time period. It still exists today in the form of young people getting bullied on the streets, and at school. It could be very harmful, and could lead to serious damages, but sometimes it could help  by making people stand  up forRead More Bullying Essay567 Words   |  3 PagesBullying Bullying has been a growing problem in the world but more prominently has this become an issue in America. In Ann Hulberts article â€Å"Elephant in the Room† of Slate Magazine, she takes a position regarding anti-bullying programs that are being made to reduce this crisis. The way parents, teachers and victims have dealt with bullies has generally been a step in the wrong direction. We have always been told to ignore people that do not respect you, when really the problem is that theseRead Morebullying Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1. What is the main idea presented in Lee Tunstalls article? (2marks) The main idea in Lee Tunstalls article is how bullying impacts our society. Tunstall given information on bullying in school, cyberbullying and in the workplace. Lee Tunstall explains how important bullying is as a crime and how people are constantly affected by bullying. 2. Overall, is Lee Tunstalls article biased? If you think it is, describe how you know they are biased. If you think it isnt, describe how Tunstall avoidsRead MoreBullying Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Bullying Bullying has sustained as a significant issue in both adolescence and adulthood. To some, it can lead to depression while others may have the mental capacity to tolerate the issue and overcome the challenge. The problem regarding harassment arises from the fact that some individuals have no understanding of the different forms of victimization. Mostly, a person does not know what he or she is putting others through when they call them names intentionally or unintentionally.Read MorePersuasive Essay On Bullying1374 Words   |  6 PagesESSAY ON BULLYING I stood up and I watched the people eyes filled with tears and the environment impregnated with cry of mothers, fathers, cousins and relatives while I looked in awe and shamed, this was the same guy that tried to start a conversation with me three weeks ago that I ignored because other people labeled him a wanker and a weirdo. I had nothing against him after all its not a crime to be selective in choosing one’s friends so why should I neglect that moral logic and principle and moreoverRead MoreBullying Argumentative essay970 Words   |  4 PagesWriting Argumentative Essay 25 November 2013 Bullying Have you ever seen or experienced bullying and the dramatic effects it has on its victims? Unfortunately nine out of every ten students have experienced bullying in school or online. Many people believe that bullying is a part of growing up and kids do not know any better. Bullies are intentionally causing mental and or physical damage to their victims, which will affect them for the rest of their lives. Bullying has shown that it canRead MoreBullying Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesBullying 1. Bullying is constant harassment that is either physical, mental, cyber or social bullying. An example of physical bullying is if someone consistently hits you such as if every day at school they hit you that can be classed as physical bullying. A form of mental or emotional bullying is if someone calls you names and is derogatory towards you. These words will make you sad and possibly feel unwanted. Cyber bullying is when someone messages you things either on your phone or some messagingRead MoreBullying Essay971 Words   |  4 Pagesbullying has created lots of problems in school and outside of schools in society today. Picking on someone could very well change someone behavior. Bullying can ruin people lives if they are teased often. Younger and older kids in school are fatally injured, which needs to be taken care of before it starts and get out of hand. Bullying in first grade or going into middle school. Television violence, families in poverty, mis-teachings, music, and pic tures have influence younger and older people,

Ishmael Essay Example For Students

Ishmael Essay Ishmael The Destruction ContinuesIshmaelThe Biblical depiction of Adam and Eves fall builds the foundation of Daniel Quinns novel, Ishmael. In this adventure of the spirit, a telepathic gorilla, Ishmael, uses the history of Biblical characters in order to explain his philosophy on saving the world. Attracting his final student, the narrator of the novel, with an advertisement Teacher seeks pupil. Must have an earnest desire to save the world. Apply in person, Ishmael counsels the narrator through a series of questions that force him to stretch his mind. Diving straight into Biblical allusions, Ishmael begins his lesson with the history of his evolution from Goliath (17) to Ishmael. He explains this evolution as a time of realization where he shifts from blindly accepting the infamous reputation of Goliath, an evil giant from the Bible, to the quiet, thoughtful being of Ishmael. After his brief history, Ishmael shifts his attention to the creation. A culture is a people enacting a story (41), and the story of the Garden of Eden opened up new thoughts on mans transformation from dependent to independent beings. When Adam and Eve began their lives on earth, they fully depended on the gods for all their necessities. Just like all of the other animals in the garden, they followed the philosophy of leavers and left the question of who should live and who should die up to the gods. However, the serpent, a member of the taker group tempted Eve with fruit from a tree that would give them the knowledge of life and death. Eve, which means life (179) in turn, tempted Adam with the fruit. Although pre-warned that eating this forbidden fruit would kill man, Adam fell into temptation and his desire for life. Through this action, his eyes were partially opened to the gods vision. However, this knowledge ultimately would lead to the fulfillment of the gods warnings that the worlds doom was assured (166). After mans realization, he placed himself in a category separate from the animals and beasts that continued to rely on the worlds situation rather than themselves. An allusion to the Biblical story of Adam and Eves descendents, Cain and Abel continued the progression of mans shift from leavers, to what they are now, takers. The taker philosophy that the world was made for man (61), epitomized the their obstinate attitude that the universe was meant to be conquered and exploited by humans. Cain, a member of the taker philosophy and an agriculturist felt mans fate was in his or her hands. He showed these beliefs through the harvesting and storing of food. Abel, a member of the leavers demonstrated his philosophy of leaving everything alone except for what was needed in his hunter gatherer lifestyle. Cain and Abel represented two cultures. When these two cultures clashed, the takers began watering their fields with the blood of . . . herders (173). Cain took Abels life because according to him, the world was made for human control. Humans could will life as well as death. Slowly, as the takers and their philosophies took over the planet, they reem phasized the worlds ultimate destruction. Through the passage of time, these Biblical stories, written by the leavers, have been accepted into the culture of the takers. These allusions enhance the consequences of the takers and their beliefs because of their philosophy that they are their own gods and the world belongs to man. This philosophy has caused destruction. Unfortunately, not many realize it, and the destruction continuesWords/ Pages : 587 / 24

A latter for the Australia Consumer Law - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the A latter for the Australia Consumer Law. Answer: [#Date#] [#Your name#] [#Your address#] Ms Melissa Rogers Legal Compliance Officer Munchkins R Us [#Address#] Dear Ms Rogers Re: The legal implications of ACCC v Woolworths Limited [2016] FCA 1472; ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1405 We refer to your request for advice regarding the legal implications of the two recent Federal Court judgments referred to above. You advised us that you recently established a new Special Suppliers Club. In relation to the club you have sent invitations to all suppliers where they are required to $200 on a monthly basis in order to attain the membership of the club. In addition it has been provided by you that all suppliers who are able to gain the membership of the club would be entitled to receive member benefits which consists of an annual Christmas party and monthly e-newsletter. However it has also been provided by you that those suppliers who do not become members of the club, their products would no longer be eligible for display in stores having high traffic or for promotion. In the given situation there are possibilities that your conduct may be regarded as an unconscionable conduct. This is because section 21 of the Australian Consumer Law given in Schedule 2 of the Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 prohibits a person in trade of commerce to indulge in a conduct which may be regarded as un conscionable. There is no precise and well defined definition of an unconscionable conduct, however section 22 gives out a few circumstances in which Unconscionable conduct may take place. According to this section a unconscionable conduct may include the consideration of the seller and the buyer, whether the conditions which have been imposed by the seller is required reasonable to protect business interest, whether the document was understood properly by the buyer, whether the seller exerted any pressure or undue influence on the buyer and whether good faith was observed during the transaction. So in the given situation in case it is determined that the conduct which have been indulged into by you in relation to the club and the suppliers is unconscionable then you may be subjected to financial penalties. The two most important cases the implications of which may be applied to determine your situation and derive appropriate advice as the case of Coles and Woolworths case as named above. Our advice to you is based on these instructions. Advice: In the case of ASIC v Coles it was found by the court that the defendant company indulged in a conduct which is unconscionable in nature with respect to the provisions of section 21 of the ACL. In the proceedings it has been stated by the court that misconduct of the defendant company was very serious, repeated and deliberate in nature. There was a misuse of bargaining power by Cole and the conduct which was indulged into was not in good conscience. The manner in which the company treated its suppliers were not in consistency with acceptable social and business standards applicable on commercial dealings. Here the organization had demanded payments from the suppliers which it had no right to claim by threating them of harm. In addition the company withheld money gained from the suppliers which it did not have any right to do. The proceedings which had been brought by the ACCC was in relation to the Active Retail Collaboration (ARC) program introduced by the company. The program had b een introduced to enhance the earnings of the company. When a few supplier involved in the arrangement refused to provide payments in relation to the program the company made threats in relation to commercial consequences. Few of such consequences were that support would be withdrawn from the suppliers, only when agreement to pay is made certain ranging obligations would be provided by the company, promotional activity risks, not acquiring products from the suppliers and not providing the suppliers forecasting information which was provided previously. In addition the organization had more bargaining power as compared to that of the suppliers. The suppliers were also not given sufficient information and were also pressured in relation to assess or consider the benefits of the program in a very short period of time. Therefore according to the circumstances which have been discussed in relation to this case it can be stated that the idea of the Special Suppliers Club program by organisation may be subjected to similar consequences. This is because your program also includes asking for payments from the suppliers and that said that if the payments are not made out the suppliers fail to join the club they would not be entitled to promote their products in high traffic stores. The benefits which are provided so your program include monthly new-settlers and a yearly Christmas party. However there is an element of threat of subjecting the suppliers to detriment in case they do not choose to be a part of the club. According to the reasoning provided in the above case the threat which is given in an indirect manner to the suppliers in this situation may result in an unconscionable conduct under section 21 of the ACL. In addition under the provisions of section 18 of the ACL these actions may also be reg arded as misleading or deceptive on which is likely to mislead or deceive. It may be held by the court that your organisation is using the greater bargaining power it may be held by the court that your organisation is using the greater bargaining power it has over the suppliers in order to exploit them and indulge in an unfair advantage trading. In the case of ASIC v Woolworths the question which that court had to determine was that whether the defendant organization indulged in an unconscionable conduct in the light of section 21 of the ACL. In this case the primary ruling of the court was that the organization did not indulged in a conduct which may be considered as unconscionable. In this case it had been ruled by the court that a Mind The Gap scheme introduced by the defendants through which they were to obtain payments form the suppliers did not constitute an unconscionable conduct. The scheme had been implemented for the purpose of closing the gap between the targeted and the expected profit and sales. The scheme consisted of several measures for the purpose of enhancing the margin such as a performance management initiative. The discretion of selecting the suppliers in relation to scheme was left on the managers. The allegation was majorly in relation to the implementation and design of the initiatives rather than ask ing the suppliers to make payments. On this ground the court distinguished the facts of this case with that of the Coles case where admission of a specific conduct in relation to the course of payment had been identified by the court. The ACCC in this case could not show that any supplier is affected because of the scheme. In addition it was found by the court that the scheme was not different to the regular course of dealing which the defendant company indulged into. Further it was held by the court that that defendant company did not require any contractual right to approach its suppliers. Thus the case implies that Unequal bargain do not always result in unconscionable conduct unless it is used. Gentility is not mandatory is relation to commercial dealings and the overall circumstances of the dealing needs to be analysed rather than a selective analysis. Unconscionability can only be established where leading evidence is obtained from a party involved in the arrangement. It had b een provided by the court that where evidence from suppliers involved in the scheme is not present it is not possible for the court to analyse the overall circumstances of the transaction. The circumstances which were involved in this case are much different to the coles case. In the Coles case the scheme involved the words asks and also demanded payment in relation to the supply of goods in an earlier period. The provisions of this case may have acted as a defence in relation to your program. However in this case the judge has expressly distinguished between what amounts to unconscionable conduct and what does not. Here there was no involvement on the part of the organisation to pressure the suppliers of making payment on the term or else they would be subjected to unfair detriment. The organisation indulgence in the program was no different to its regular course of dealing. However in your situation the company maybe held to pressure the suppliers by forcing them to contribute $200 every month towards the program in order to only get monthly new settlers and a Christmas party and if they do not do so they would not be able to get promotion in high traffic areas. This situation may meet the criteria which is required for the purpose of establishing in unconscionable conduct. A stronger case may be developed against you if any of the suppliers provide evidence that they have been affected by your program and have been forced through the virtue of low bargaining power to get into the agreement. Our recommendation to you is to you should not carry on with your program based on the terms which you wish to. According to the Australian Consumer Law you are not allowed to pressure any person to get into an agreement because of a higher bargaining power held by you and by giving them threat that if they do not get into the agreement they would be subjected to specific detriments. If you have any questions or would like us to assist you in anyway please dont hesitate to call our office. Your sincerely, [#Your name#] References ACCC v Coles Supermarkets Australia Pty Ltd [2014] FCA 1405 ACCC v Woolworths Limited [2016] FCA 1472 Australian Consumer Law, Schedule 2 of the Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)